The First American Corporation / Annual Report 2001
notes to consolidated financial statements
NOTE 1
Description of the Company:
The First American Corporation (the Company), through its
subsidiaries, is engaged in the business of providing business
information and related products and services. The Company’s
three primary business segments are title insurance and
services, real estate information and services and consumer
information and services. The title insurance segment issues
residential and commercial title insurance policies, provides
escrow services, equity loan services, tax-deferred exchanges
and other related products. The real estate information
segment provides tax monitoring, mortgage credit reporting,
property database services, flood certification, default
management services, mortgage loan servicing systems,
mortgage document preparation and other real estate-related
services. The consumer information segment provides
home warranties, property and casualty insurance, resident
screening, pre-employment screening, substance abuse
management and testing, specialized credit reporting,
automotive insurance tracking and other services, investment
advisory and trust and thrift services.
Significant Accounting Policies:
Principles of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts
of The First American Corporation and all majority-owned
subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and
balances have been eliminated. Certain 2000 amounts have
been reclassified to conform with the 2001 presentation.
Cash equivalents
The Company considers cash equivalents to be all short-term
investments that have an initial maturity of 90 days or less and
are not restricted for statutory deposit or premium reserve
requirements. The carrying amount for cash equivalents is a
reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term maturity
of these investments.
Investments
Deposits with savings and loan associations and banks are
short-term investments with initial maturities of more than 90
days. The carrying amount of these investments is a reasonable
estimate of fair value due to their short-term nature.
Debt securities are carried at fair value and consist primarily
of investments in obligations of the United States Treasury,
various corporations and certain state and political subdivisions.
Equity securities are carried at fair value and consist primarily
of investments in marketable common stocks of corporate entities
in which the Company’s ownership does not exceed 20.0%.
Other long-term investments consist primarily of investments
in affiliates, which are accounted for under the equity method
of accounting; and notes receivable, which are carried at the
lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell.
The Company classifies its debt and equity securities portfolio
as available-for-sale and, accordingly, includes unrealized gains
and losses, net of related tax effects, as a component of other
comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses on investments
are determined using the specific-identification method.
Property and equipment
Furniture and equipment includes computer software
acquired and developed for internal use and for use with
the Company’s products. Software development costs are
capitalized from the time technological feasibility is established
until the software is ready for use.
Effective January 1, 1999, the Company adopted Statement
of Position 98-1, “Accounting for the Costs of Computer
Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use” (“SOP 98-1”).
SOP 98-1 requires the Company to capitalize interest costs
incurred and certain payroll-related costs of employees directly
associated with developing software, in addition to incremental
payments to third parties. The adoption of SOP 98-1 did not
have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition or
results of operations.
Depreciation on buildings and on furniture and equipment is
computed using the straight-line method over estimated useful
lives of 25 to 45 and 3 to 10 years, respectively. Capitalized
software costs are amortized using the straight-line method
over estimated useful lives of 3 to 10 years.
Title plants and other indexes
Title plants and other indexes are carried at original cost. The
costs of daily maintenance (updating) of these plants and other
indexes are charged to expense as incurred. Because properly
maintained title plants and other indexes have indefinite lives
and do not diminish in value with the passage of time, no
provision has been made for depreciation.
Assets acquired in connection with claim settlements
In connection with settlement of title insurance and other
claims, the Company sometimes purchases mortgages, deeds
of trust, real property or judgment liens. These assets, sometimes
referred to as “salvage assets,” are carried at the lower
of cost or fair value less costs to sell and are included in “Other
assets” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The
balance for these assets was $29.4 million and $27.8 million
at December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively.
Goodwill and other intangibles
Goodwill recognized in business combinations is amortized
over its estimated useful life ranging from 10 to 40 years.
Other intangibles, which include customer lists and covenants
not to compete, are amortized over their estimated useful
lives, ranging from 3 to 20 years. The Company periodically
evaluates the amortization period assigned to each intangible
asset to ensure that there have not been any events or
circumstances that warrant revised estimates of useful lives.
On July 20, 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards
Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
141, “Business Combinations” (“SFAS 141”). This statement
addresses financial accounting and reporting for business combinations
and supercedes Accounting Principles Board (“APB”)
Opinion No. 16, “Business Combinations.” All business combinations
in the scope of SFAS 141 are to be accounted for using
the purchase method of accounting. The provisions of SFAS
141 apply to all business combinations initiated or closed after
June 30, 2001. Management of the Company anticipates that
the adoption of SFAS 141 will not have a material effect on the
Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
On July 20, 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board
issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142,
“Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” (“SFAS 142”). This
statement addresses financial accounting and reporting for
goodwill and other intangibles and supercedes APB Opinion
No. 17, “Intangible Assets.” SFAS 142 addresses how goodwill
and other intangible assets should be accounted for in the
financial statements. Goodwill and intangible assets that have
indefinite lives will not be amortized, but rather will be tested at
least annually for impairment. Intangible assets that have finite
lives will continue to be amortized over their useful lives. The
provisions of SFAS 142 are required to be applied starting with
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2001, and apply to all
goodwill and other intangible assets recognized in the financial
statements at that date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired
after June 30, 2001, were subject immediately to nonamortization
and amortization provisions of SFAS 142. Management is
in the process of assessing the impact of implementing the
impairment provision of SFAS 142 on the Company’s financial
condition or results of operations. Management estimates that
the adoption of the nonamortization provision of SFAS 142 will
increase income before income taxes and minority interests in
2002 by $18.0 million, or $0.17 per diluted share, excluding the
effects of impairment, if any.
Impairment of goodwill, loans receivable and other
long-lived assets
The Company periodically reviews the carrying value of
goodwill, loans receivable and other long-lived assets for
impairment when events or circumstances warrant such a review.
To the extent that the undiscounted cash flows related to the
businesses underlying the goodwill are less than the carrying
value of the related goodwill, such goodwill will be reduced
to fair value.
A loan is impaired when, based on current information and
events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect
all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan
agreement. Impaired loans receivable are measured at the
present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the
loan’s effective interest rate. As a practical expedient, the loan
may be valued based on its observable market price or the fair
value of the collateral, if the loan is collateral-dependent.
To the extent that the undiscounted cash flows related to
other long-lived assets are less than the assets’ carrying value,
the carrying value of such assets is reduced to the assets’
fair value.
Reserve for known and incurred but not reported claims
The Company provides for title insurance losses based
upon its historical experience by a charge to expense when
the related premium revenue is recognized. Title insurance
losses and other claims associated with ceded reinsurance are
provided for as the Company remains contingently liable in
the event that the reinsurer does not satisfy its obligations. The
reserve for known and incurred but not reported claims reflects
management’s best estimate of the total costs required to settle
all claims reported to the Company and claims incurred but
not reported. The process applied to estimated claim costs is
subject to many variables, including changes and trends in the
type of title insurance policies issued, the real estate market
and the interest rate environment. It is reasonably possible that
a change in the estimate will occur in the future.
The Company provides for claims losses relating to its home
warranty and property and casualty insurance businesses based
on the average cost per claim as applied to the total of new
claims incurred. The average cost per home warranty claim is
calculated using the average of the most recent 12 months of
claims experience. The average cost per property and casualty
insurance claim is calculated using historical claims experience.
Operating revenues
Title Insurance — Title premiums on policies issued directly
by the Company are recognized on the effective date of the title
policy and escrow fees are recorded upon close of the escrow.
Revenues from title policies issued by independent agents are
recorded when notice of issuance is received from the agent.
Real Estate Information — In December 1999, the
Company adopted Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101 (SAB),
“Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements.” The SAB, which
became effective January 1, 1999, applies to the Company’s tax
service operations and requires the deferral of the tax service
fee and the recognition of that fee as revenue ratably over the
expected service period. The amortization rates applied to
recognize the revenues assume a 10-year contract life and are
adjusted to reflect prepayments. The Company reviews its tax
service contract portfolio quarterly to determine if there have
been changes in contract lives and/or changes in the number
and/or timing of prepayments. Accordingly, the Company may
adjust the rates to reflect current trends. The SAB finalized a
series of changes instituted by the Securities and Exchange
Commission concerning revenue recognition policies. As a
result of adopting the SAB, in 1999, the Company reported a
charge of $55.6 million, net of income taxes and minority interests,
as a cumulative change in accounting principle and
reduced net income by $10.9 million, or $0.16 per diluted share.
During the year ended December 31, 2001, the Company
recognized $18.2 million in revenues that were included in the
cumulative effect adjustment. Revenues earned by the other
products in the real estate information segment are recognized
at the time of delivery, as the Company has no significant
ongoing obligation after delivery.
Consumer Information — Revenues from home warranty
contracts are recognized ratably over the 12-month duration of
the contracts. Revenues from property and casualty insurance
policies are recognized ratably over the 12-month duration of the
policies. Interest on loans with the Company’s thrift subsidiary is
recognized on the outstanding principal balance on the accrual
basis. Loan origination fees and related direct loan origination
costs are deferred and recognized over the life of the loan.
Revenues earned by the other products in the consumer
information segment are recognized at the time of delivery, as
the Company has no significant ongoing obligation after delivery.
Premium taxes
Title insurance, property and casualty insurance and home
warranty companies, like other types of insurers, are generally
not subject to state income or franchise taxes. However, in lieu
thereof, most states impose a tax based primarily on insurance
premiums written. This premium tax is reported as a separate
line item in the consolidated statements of income in order
to provide a more meaningful disclosure of the taxation of
the Company.
Income taxes
Taxes are based on income for financial reporting purposes
and include deferred taxes applicable to temporary differences
between the financial statement carrying amount and the tax
basis of certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities.
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net
income available to common stockholders by the weightedaverage
number of common shares outstanding. The
computation of diluted earnings per share is similar to the
computation of basic earnings per share, except that the
weighted-average number of common shares outstanding
is increased to include the number of additional common
shares that would have been outstanding if potential dilutive
common shares had been issued.
Risk of real estate market
Real estate activity is cyclical in nature and is affected greatly
by the cost and availability of long-term mortgage funds. Real
estate activity and, in turn, the majority of the Company’s
revenues can be adversely affected during periods of high
interest rates and/or limited money supply.
Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles requires
management to make estimates and assumptions that affect
the statements. Actual results could differ from the estimates
and assumptions used.
Fiduciary assets and liabilities
Assets and liabilities of the trusts and escrows administered
by the Company are not included in the consolidated
balance sheets.